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60 Years of the Royal College of Physicians

3/11/2024

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The Royal College of Physicians
The Royal College of Physicians building on St Andrews Place, opposite Regents Park was officially opened on 5th November 1964 by Queen Elizabeth II. The society, founded in 1518, had decided to move their headquarters from their building in Pall Mall to a new site, previously home to Someries House, a John Nash building damaged in World War II. The new headquarters was designed by Denys Lasdun, chosen after a process involving the interviewing of five architects. The new building had to fit into the surrounding stucco terraces, incorporate historical elements transferred from the old RCP headquarters and provide offices, meeting rooms, a dining room and a library. ​
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A cross section of the main body of the building. Image from RIBApix.
Lasdun set the new building in a T-plan, with a white mosaic-clad entrance block balanced against a curving dark brick lecture theatre facing Regents Park, and a dark brick administration block along Albany Street, which is also home to the president's apartment.The overhanging library gallery at the front is supported by two thin columns, with groups of thin, vertical windows allowing light into the top floor. On the north side of the exterior is a rugged concrete staircase, a contrast with the more elegant staircases found inside.
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The central staircase inside the college. Image from RIBApix.
Inside, a cantilevered staircase rises through the building which seems to open up as it gets higher, with galleries overlooking the space from each floor. The interior is finished in white marble and mosaic, with one wall full of official portraits of members, both ancient and modern. The cool 1960s modernity is counterbalanced by reminders of the institution's long history throughout the building. The Censors Room projects from the side of the building hanging above the garden area. Its exterior is clad in clean, mid-century white mosaic but the interior steps back to the 17th century with wood panelling by Robert Hooke and paintings from previous buildings. The shock of the ancient amidst the modern is a trick that Richard Rogers would use in the Lloyds building 20 years later, with the 1763 Committee Room recreated inside that High Tech temple. 
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A drawing of the RCP showing the main building and the lecture theatre, with a Nash-era building behind. Image from RIBApix.
The second floor Harvevian library is a recreation of an 18th century place of learning, again panelled in wood and on two levels. At the east end of the building is the Osler room, which again takes up two floors, and provides dining and reception facilities, which can be divided by a hydraulic screen. Back down on the ground floor is a small spiral staircase down to the basement, with walls clad in subtly coloured tiles. Also on the basement level, is stained glass from a previous RCP building, reset by Keith New next to another staircase.The basement opens out onto the garden area looking out onto the terraces of St Andrews Place. On the northside is an extension from 1996, also by Lasdun, a circular meeting room, perfectly in the spirit of the original design. 
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The circular meeting room, added by Lasdun in 1996. Image from RIBApix.
The building was much praised on its completion, with Pevsner calling it “one of the most distinguished buildings of its decade”. It was also awarded the RIBA Bronze Medal in 1964 and a Civic Trust Award in 1967. The building was listed in April 1998, and has been awarded Grade I status, a rare accolade for a post war building. The College has regular tours of the building and is a regular participant in the Open House London festival.
The Royal College of Physicians is one of many Denys Lasdun buildings featured in our Mini Guide No.4, dedicated to the work of the architect. It features 40 colour images of his buildings, including detailed descriptions and histories. Get your copy HERE
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Three Modernist Mews Houses in NW1

29/10/2024

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The modernist mews houses came to the fore in London in the early 1960s as the first post war generation of architects sought to build their own homes, with the rundown backstreets of Camden a particularly fertile area to find an affordable plot of land. Here we present three examples you may come across wandering around NW1.

2 Regal Lane, Primrose Hill, Camden
1961
John Winter
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A three storey house on a mews opposite Regents Park, this home was designed and built by architect John Winter for himself and his family in the early 1960s whilst working in the office of Erno Goldfinger. A set of garages were on the plot when Winter and his wife Val bought it, and they incorporated the old buildings into their new home. The house was constructed using reclaimed brick, in situ concrete and large windows, allowing light into the house on its narrow plot. The house also features a steel spiral staircase which reaches all the way up to the top floor with the master bedroom and a balcony facing towards the park. Winter extended his original design both before and after before moving to his corten steel house in Swains Lane, Highgate. Winter also designed two further houses in Regal Lane in 1963, Nos.10 & 11, two connected houses in brick with a carport on the ground floor.

15-19 Murray Mews
1964-65

Team 4

Down an indistinct side mews to the east of Camden Town is an early project by two of the most famous names in the second half of 20th century architecture. 15-19 Murray Mews was one of a handful of projects by partnership of Team 4, the short-lived practice made up of Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Su Brumwell, Wendy Cheesman and Georgie Wolton. The practice only lasted for 4 years, with Wolton leaving after a few months, but produced a handful of influential designs.
One of them was this group of three houses in Camden, all squeezed onto a small plot. The houses open straight out on the street and have a private courtyard at the rear with glazed walls, allowing light into the interior. The houses are constructed of red brick walls and concrete floors, with a sloping glass roof. The tribulations of the houses construction, with an unscrupulous builder ignoring many details of the houses designs, led the practice to look at alternative materials and construction, paving the way for their glass and steel High Tech future. A large number of other houses were built along Murray Mews, including those by Tom Kay (No.22), Richard Gibson (No.20) and David and Ann Hyde-Harrison (No.33).

62 Camden Mews
1962-5

Edward Cullinan

Edward ‘Ted’ Cullinan began his career working for Denys Lasdun, working on projects like the Royal College of Physicians and the University of East Anglia. In 1960 he decided to build a house for himself and his family on an empty lot on Camden Mews. He produced a design for a house facing south with an open plan living area on the first floor, with windows angled to maximize sunlight through the day, but also provide shade in high summer. Bedrooms were placed on the ground floor, with the letter box emptying into the main bedroom, an idea that allows the Sunday newspaper to be delivered directly to bed! 

The two floors are connected by an external staircase via a terrace on the garage roof, and a smaller internal spiral staircase.The house was built between 1962 and 64 by Cullinan with friends and family of a few years, on weekends and when time allowed, using a mixture of timber, brick and concrete, bought , borrowed and stolen (or at least reclaimed). Cullinan and family lived at 62 Camden Mews until Cullian’s death in 2019, with the house recently going on the market for the first time. As on Murray Mews, the 1960s, 70s and 80s saw a number of young architects build houses on Camden Mews, such as Jon Howard (No.74), Peter Bell (no.4) and Sheila Bull (No.23).


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Anatomy of a House No.18: Hauer King House

23/10/2024

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The front of the Hauer King house by night.

Anatomy of a House No.18

Hauer King House,  40 Douglas Road, Canonbury, Islington
1993-94
Future Systems

The leafy streets of Canonbury in the borough of Islington are largely made up of elegant Georgian terraces, the result of speculative building from the start of the 19th century. But amongst these genteel homes is a visitor from the future. 40 Douglas Road, or the Hauer King House as it is also known, was designed by the aptly named Future Systems, the partnership of Jan Kaplicky and Amanda Levete. Kaplicky was born in Prague in 1937, training as an architect before leaving the country during the Prague spring of 1968, and settling in London. He had quite the CV of working for post war architects, spending time at Denys Lasdun & Partners, Rogers and Piano, Eva Jiricna, Spence + Webster and Foster Associates. Levete was born in Bridgend, Wales in November 1955, studying at the Architectural Association and then working for Alsop & Lyall and the Richard Rogers Partnership. Future Systems had been founded in 1979 by Kaplicky and David Nixon, who had worked together at Foster Associates, and joined 10 years later by Levete. 
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An isometric drawing of the Hauer King House by Future Systems

Future Systems’ early completed work mostly consisted of interiors and displays for shops, before they received a commission from Debra Hauer and Jeremy King. The couple wanted a family house close to central London, and after realizing they could build their own for a similar price to buying one, they approached Future Systems, who they knew personally and asked them to design a family home with high aesthetic value. The couple had found a site in Douglas Road, and they invited the architects to view it. Levete and Kaplicky liked the challenge of designing a house to fit in between a Georgian terrace and a Victorian pub, and they hired an assistant, Lindy Atkin, who had experience with working with glass from time at Nicholas Grimshaw Associates. The expected struggle with local planning authorities was not forthcoming, as they welcomed something new being built on the site, (despite plans already being approved for a historically-influenced house on the plot).
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The garden side of the Hauer King House with the basement level dining room and kitchen
The shape of the plot, long and thin and running north-south, formed the design of the house. The house is rectangular in plan but not in form, with a long sloping glass rear facade which creates four floors of reducing length as it rises. The ground floor contains the entrance hall (which rises to the top of the house) and a living room, below that is a basement level with an au pair bedroom, utility room, kitchen and the dining room, overlooked by a balcony from the floor above. The top two floors of the house are home to the children's bedroom and on the top floor the master bedroom. The dining room opens up onto a very small, wedge-shaped garden which is surrounded by mature trees. ​
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The angled kitchen island for the Hauer King House
The house is constructed of a steel frame between two side walls of stock brick with the body of the house largely formed of glass. Twenty two large panels of glass are arranged in landscape format from the sloping rear of the house, up over the top to meet the glass brick face fronting the street. This front face is clearly influenced by Maison de Verre (1932), the house in Paris designed by Pierre Charreau, Bernard Bivojet and Louis Dalbert with translucent glass block walls. The front door is reached from the street by a metal staircase which was designed to curve around an existing tree, which has now been removed. The sloping glass panels of the rear also bring to mind Norman Foster's Willis Faber & Dumas Building in Ipswich (1975) with its curved glass frontage, a building that Kaplicky worked on. The panels on the rear facade can be opened to allow air flow, as the house was not built with air conditioning. The engineering on the house was undertaken by Anthony Hunt Associates with services engineering overseen by Arup.
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The first floor lounge in the Hauer King House with a balcony overlooking the kitchen/dining room.
Future Systems designed two other houses in the same period as the Hauer King House. In 1992 they designed a house in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire for engineer Andy Sedgwick who worked at Arup Associates. A single storey house in a normal suburban street, like the Hauer King House, the structure of the Berkhamsted house is formed of two flanking walls with a steel frame with large areas of glazing, especially out to the garden area. The year after the Hauer King house was completed, the partnership designed their most famous house, Malator, a spectacular home in Druidstone, Wales for MP, barrister and writer Bob Marshall-Andrews and his wife. Nicknamed the “Teletubby House”, Malator is lenticular-shaped building wedged into an earth mound. From the road all that can be seen is a grass mound with a small window in the middle. However the side that faces the sea has a panoramic view, fully glazed from floor to ceiling. 
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The Lord's Media Centre (1999) by Future Systems. Image from RIBApix.
The same year that Malator was built, 1994, Future Systems also secured the commission that would bring them the attention of the world beyond architecture periodicals. The Lord’s Media Centre, completed in 1999,  hovers above a stand of the venerable cricket ground, like a visitor from outer space, its sleek body constructed in the Pendennis shipyard in Falmouth. The building won the Stirling Prize in 1999. Kaplicky and Levete had married in 1991, and after they separated and divorced in 2006, the practice was split into separate practices. Kaplicky died in 2009 aged 71. Levete continues to practice, and has won many awards. ​
References
Martin Pawley- Future Systems: The Story of Tomorrow

Martin Pawley- Hauer-  House, London 1995
Nicholas Pevsner and Bridget Cherry- London 4: North
Neil Jackson- The Modern Steel House

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Segal in Suburbia

17/10/2024

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A Segal Self Build House on Elstree Hill, Bromley. Image frm RIBApix.
Our new Modernism Beyond Metroland guidebook features many architects, working in a variety of styles and materials. Walter Segal’s work is unique among them for its focus on self building and use of timber. The borough of Lewisham was the first place to embrace his ideas, which have subsequently spread around the suburbs and beyond. 
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A cross section of Segal's self built annexe at Highgate
After a number of years designing small projects such as houses, flats and offices, largely in brick, Segal began to explore timber construction with a temporary annexe whilst his house in Highgate was being rebuilt, devising a self build system using widely available and low cost materials, in standard units. He saw how anybody could use the system to construct their own homes, and via the anarchist writer and architect Colin Ward, found a sympathetic reception at Lewisham Borough Council. They eventually allowed him some land to start building in Forest Hill, constructing 7 homes in what would be named Segal Close.
Other houses were built in Ormanton Road and Longton Avenue, Sydenham and Elstree Hill, Ravensbourne, all using the Segal method and producing houses built with timber frames and infill panels. Another plot of land was given over for self building in Honor Oak Park, where 13 two-storey timber houses were completed in 1986, and the street named Walter’s Way. 
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One of the houses built at Segal Close. Image from RIBApix.
The borough’s own architects department also took inspiration from Segal's ideas, with the scheme at Brockley Park, next to Segal Close, designed by Geoffrey Wigfall, using mono pitched homes built in brick and finished with timber cladding and grass roofs. Some of the houses feature “pods” at the front, to be used for extra living or storage space, and the estate is grouped around a large green space. ​
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A terrace of houses at Brockley Park, designed by Lewisham Borough Architects Department.
Segal passed away in 1985 but his ideas persisted with self build projects appearing all around the capital's suburbs, with collaborator Jon Broome continuing the philosophy with his own practice Architype. Self-built projects can be found at Headway Gardens in Walthamstow, Parish Gardens in Greenwich, Eridge Green Close in Bromley and opposite Segal Close in Brockley Park, as well as at many other sites around the suburbs. ​
Walter Segal’s self-build houses will have an extended section in our Modernism Beyond Metroland guidebook, now at 94% of its crowdfunding total. Get your copy HERE 
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The White Elephant: The Rayners Lane Grosvenor Cinema

9/10/2024

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The Rayners Lane Grosvenor Cinema with its original name sign. Image from Dusahenka on Flickr.
The Rayners Lane Grosvenor Cinema opened on 12th October 1936, with a showing of ‘The Country Doctor’ starring Jean Hersholt. The cinema was part of the small Hammond Dawes circuit, and was partially paid for by the housing developers T.F. Nash, who had built Harrow Garden Village at Rayners Lane from 1929 and wanted suitable attractions to entice new suburbanites to the development. The new cinema was designed by architect Frank Ernest Bromige, who had previously designed a number of cinemas, including the streamlined Dominion Southall (1936, now demolished) and the Dominion in Harrow, with its curving facade hidden until its recent restoration. ​
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The now-demolished Dominion Cinema in Southall by FE Bromige. Image from Dusashenka on Flickr.
For the cinema at Rayners Lane, Bromige produced one of his, and suburban cinemas, most memorable designs. The cinema is built as part of a typical interwar parade, opposite Rayners Lane Underground Station, which was rebuilt in 1938 by R.H. Uren and Charles Holden. The frontage has a three part facade made up of two tall large glass convex sections which flank a large central concave window above the entrance. In front of this concave window is a curved vertical concrete feature, often said to resemble an elephant's trunk. Bromige actually referred to this feature as a stylised question mark, but the association with an elephant's trunk has stuck. The feature was highlighted with neon lighting, and in front of it was a revolving vertical name sign, with GROSVENOR spelt out in chunky letters.
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The auditorium of the Rayners Lane Grovesnor with its dynamic ceiling lighting.
Inside the streamlined aesthetic continued, with the foyers curving into one another and decorated with circular mirrors, uplighters, carpets with geometric patterns, and tubular steel furniture and railings.The centerpiece of the ground floor was the cafe area with its sunken floor and artfully arranged oval lighting troughs. The auditorium itself could seat over 1200 patrons, and was decorated with dynamic lighting that led the viewer's eye towards the screen. 
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A metal railing on a staircase inside the Rayners Lane Grovesnor. Image from Dusashenka on Flickr.
The cinema joined the Odeon chain in 1937, and remained with them until 1950 when it joined Gaumont. After again becoming part of Odeon in 1961, it became the independant Ace cinema in 1981, finally closing on 16th October 1986. After that it was converted into a pub and nightclub with various alterations made to the interior including a helicopter and light aircraft attached to the auditorium ceiling. After a period where the building changed hands rapidly it was finally bought by a chapter of the Zoroastrian religion. They made great efforts to change the building back to somewhat of its original form, with it having been listed in 1981 and upgraded to Grade II* in 1984. The Zoroastrian’s are rightly proud of the building and open it up for tours on Heritage weekends and for the Open House London festival.
The Rayners Lane Grosvenor featured in A Guide to Modernism in Metro-Land, our guidebook from 2020. The follow up volume, Modernism Beyond Metro-Land, featuring the best art deco and modernist buildings of the eastern and southern suburbs is crowdfunding now, and has reached 94%. Help us get the guide published and get your copy HERE.
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Anatomy of a House No.17: Sun House, Frognal Way

24/7/2024

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Sun House, Frognal Way, Hampstead (1936) by Maxwell Fry

Anatomy of a House No.17

Sun House, Frognal Way, Hampstead
1936
Maxwell Fry

Maxwell Fry occupies a pivotal point in British modernism, his career stretching from the pre-modernist 1920s right through to the brutalism of the 1970s. For our 17th Anatomy of a House blog, we will be focusing on one of his early works, the Sun House in Frognal, Hampstead from 1936. Fry was born in Liscard, then Cheshire now Merseyside, on August 2nd 1899. His parents were Ambrose, his Canadian-born father, an entrepreneurial businessman and his mother, Lydia. He studied architecture at Liverpool University under Charles Reilly, who promoted his own blend of Neo Georgian architecture, and also town planning as part of the course. After graduating, Fry worked briefly in New York before joining the firm of Adams and Thompson, and then moved to Southern Railways. Under their chief architect, John Robb Scott, the railway was building a series of new stations for their services. Fry worked on three stations for Southern; Margate, Ramsgate and Dumpton Park (now demolished); all in a Beaux Arts style.  
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66 Old Church Street, Chelsea by Maxwell Fry and Walter Gropius. Image from RIBApix
Fry left Southern and went back to Adams and Thompson, where he became a partner and worked with Wells Coates, who would go on to design the Isokon and Sunspan houses. Restless as ever, Fry set up his own practice after a few years, and in 1934 went into partnership with architect and former Bauhaus director, Walter Gropius, who had fled Germany. Gropius only stayed in Britain for two years, before accepting a position at Harvard. The pair designed a handful of buildings in this period such as Impington Village College and 66 Old Church Street in Chelsea, but the Sun House was a solo Fry design.
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Sketch of the Sun House, from The Architectural Review
The house was commissioned by P.H. Goodbrook, of whom not much is known. What we do know is that he was a tailor, specializing in sports clothing, with premises in Hanover Square. He was also an exacting client, giving Fry a detailed explanation of what he wanted from the house, principally that it was to be architecturally innovative but at the same time modest and welcoming. The house is situated on Frognal Way in Hampstead, an unpaved road between Frognal and Fitzjohns Avenue. The area now sports modernist houses by Connell, Ward and Lucas and Ernst Freud, among others, but at the time of the commission from Goodbrook was largely genteel and Neo-Georgian in character.
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Floor plan for the Sun House
The Sun House is neither of those things, firmly designed in the International Style of modernism, with its flat roof, bright white walls and tubular steel balconies. Unlike many modernist houses of the 1930s, the Sun House was actually built in concrete, rather than brick covered in white render. The south-facing, front facade is dominated by the curved projecting canopy on the right hand side, and two horizontal strips of sliding windows. The front balcony and sun roof terrace exemplify the idea of the time that many maladies, both physical and mental, could be cured by extra sunlight and air. A garage is integrated into the ground floor, accessed by a short, steep driveway. ​
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A period colour image of the living room of the Sun House, with a portion of the Feibusch mural in the centre. Image from RIBApix.

The Goodhards wanted the house to be suitable for entertaining a number of guests, and so Fry set out the first floor with a 600 square foot living room area which connected to the dining room and kitchen/servery. The roof terrace was also connected to the kitchen via a dumb waiter, in case the drinks of the hosts or their guests ran dry whilst at the top of the house. The second floor contained a main bedroom with an attached dressing room, a guest room and a bedroom for the maid, as well as a photographic darkroom. The narrow, sloping plot allowed a small garden area to the rear of the house. The house was adorned with contemporary artworks, including mural paintings in the living room by artist Hans Feibush, better known for his ecclesiastical work, and a sculpture above the staircase by Henry Ellison.
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The sun roof terrace at the Sun House. Image from RIBApix.
Fry designed a handful of other private houses in the 1930s including the even more opulent Miramonte in Coombe Park, Kingston upon Thames (1936) and flats such as 65 Ladbroke Grove in Notting Hill (1938). In 1942 he married fellow architect Jane Drew. They would form a personal and working relationship that would span the next 45 years. Fry, Drew and Partners became heavily involved in the modernisation of what was then British West Africa, building school, colleges, and offices. They were also asked to be involved with the creation of the new city of Chandigarh in India, working alongside Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneart, designing a variety of buildings including housing, schools and health and leisure facilities. 
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Government Hostel for Women, Chandigarh, India (1961) by Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Image from RIBApix.
The Sun House has suffered some alterations over the years, with the long strip windows changed to less dynamic smaller frames and the small open balcony which leads from the master bedroom has been boxed in. Nevertheless, the house was listed in May 1974, and remains a great example of 1930s international modernism. Fry retired from architectural practice in 1873, and moved with Drew to County Durham, where he continued his other artistic interests, including painting, poetry and writing. He died in County Durham on 3rd September 1987. 
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Maxwell Fry outside the Sun House, 1970. Image from RIBAPix.
Maxwell Fry is one of many modernist architects featured in our new guidebook, Modernism Beyond Metro-Land, exploring the best modernist architecture in London's eastern and southern suburbs, including Miramonte and Passfields, both by Fry. Just follow THIS LINK to get your copy 
References

Historic England Listing Page
Heath and Hampstead Newsletter 2006
Niklouas Pevsner, et al- Building of England: London North 
FRS Yorke- The Modern House in England 

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The Concrete Palace: 60 Years of the National Recreation Centre

10/7/2024

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The Sports Hall at the National Recreation Centre. Image from RIBApix
The National Recreation Centre in Crystal Palace Park was officially opened on 13th July 1964 by the Duke of Edinburgh (who had his arm in a sling due to a polo accident). The decade earlier, Crystal Palace Park was derelict. It had formerly been the home of Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, first erected at Hyde Park for the 1851 Great Exhibition, then moved south in 1854, where it stood until it caught fire and collapsed in November 1936. Sir Gerald Barry, who had just overseen the 1951 Festival of Britain, was given the task of coming up with a use for the area. At first an exhibition centre was proposed to fill the site, before the counter idea of a National Sports Centre won out. ​
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The burnt out ruins of Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace. Image from RIBApix.

The plan for the centre was developed by Leslie Martin (another Festival of Britain alumni), before London County Council chief architect Hubert Bennett took over in 1957, with Norman Engleback and E.R. Hayes acting as project leaders. Their plan for the site included an athletics stadium, a sports centre with swimming pools, squash courts and a boxing arena, with the possibility of an exhibition centre left open. The plan also included housing and social facilities for athletes, including an eleven storey hexagonal, timber covered tower block and two triangular buildings containing a dining hall and a recreation space. There are also a group of split pitched staff houses, built in dark brick and timber cladding.
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A model of the National Recreation Centre. Image from CPSP.
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A cross section of the Sports Hall. Image from RIBApix.
The sports centre is the most prominent building, with its central concrete A-frame, fully glazed upper level and large ventilation tower. The building is entered on the upper floor by a walkway which sits above the grounds. Inside, a forest of angled concrete columns support the roof, and form a spine down the centre of the building. This support allows the interior sport areas to be column free, and divides the centre into two halves, a wet area with the pools and a dry area with indoor courts. The ceiling is lined with folded teak, softening the brut of the support structure. The concrete theme is repeated in the pool area with a reinforced concrete diving platform at the north end. The building covers 1.75 acres and has its facilities spread over three floors. 
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The main hall with angled concrete columns to support the roof. Image from RIBApix.
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The diving board for the main pool. Image from RIBApix.
The stadium was designed to seat 12,000 spectators in a sickle- shaped seating formation, partially covered with a roof. A new stand with a cantilevered roof, named the Jubilee Stand, was added opposite this in 1977. The grounds also originally included a motor racing circuit, tennis courts, netball pitches and areas for practicing hammer throwing and javelin.
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The stadium and its stand with a cantilevered roof. Image from RIBApix.
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One of the staff houses with a split pitched roof. Image from RIBApix.
Apart from the sports complex there are other parts of the ground worth seeking out. These include the mini-monolithic seating area (aka Stonepenge), which also is home to a giant bust of Joseph Paxton by W.F. Woodington (1869). Nearby in the grounds is a corten steel bandstand, designed by Ian Ritchie in 1997 and nominated for the RIBA Stirling Prize, part of the Crystal Palace Bowl, which has played host to Pink Floyd, Bob Marley and The Beach Boys. For the more wild at heart there is the Guy the Gorilla sculpture by David Wynne (1961) or the dinosaurs (1855) by B.W. Hawkins, both near the lakes. 
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Construction of the Crystal Palace Bowl bandstand, Image from Crystal Palace Bowl.
With the abolition of the Greater London Council in 1986, the ownership of the park was passed to Bromley Council. Despite the sports centre being listed in 1997,  over the next 30 years the centre and its ground were underfunded and became run down. A number of proposals were made to redevelop the area, but these were fought off, with both Crystal Palace FC and Chinese consortium, looking to either rebuild or demolish the stadium. But in 2023 London Mayor Sadiq Khan approved a £10 million plan to repair and upgrade the venue. 
The National Recreation Centre is one of many modernist marvels featured in Modernism Beyond Metro-Land, our new guidebook covering the southern and eastern suburbs. Follow the link to sign up for your copy HERE
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Anatomy of a House No.16: Winscombe Street

15/5/2024

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The north-facing street frontage of 22-32 Winscombe Street

Anatomy of a House No.16

22-32 Winscombe Street, Camden
1963-66
Neave Brown

Architect Neave Brown is best known for his megastructure estates designed for Camden Boroughs Architects department under Sydney Cook, Alexandra Road and Dunboyne Road, both now listed. Also listed is his first significant project, a terrace of houses at Winscombe Street, just south of Highgate Cemetery. It was built for the Pentad Housing Society, an housing association formed by Brown and four of his friends and their families, looking to create an affordable yet experimental scheme at the end of a road of Victorian houses. The other members of the association included engineer Tony Hunt, and later on architect Edward Jones and Michael and Patty Hopkins. The group decided that the layout of the homes had to suit each family, and also that there would be a community aspect to the scheme.
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The south-facing garden side of the Winscombe St terrace with communal garden area. Image from RIBApix.
Brown was born in Utica, New York on 22nd May 1929, his mother being American and his father British. He lived in the US until 1945 when he attended Marlborough College, before performing his national service. After that he studied architecture at the Architectural Association, alongside John Miller, Kenneth Frampton, George Finch and Patrick Hodgkinson. After graduating Brown designed a hospital in Tanzania for the American Methodist Medical Mission and then went to work for Lyons Israel Ellis, a hotbed of young designers like James Stirling, James Gowan and Alan Colquhoun, who helped change the firm's output from genteel Scandi modernism to hard nosed brutalism. Brown then went to Middlesex County Council, designing five primary schools, whilst also teaching nights at Regent Street Polytechnic. He then went into private practice, with Winscombe Street being his first significant solo project. 
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An axnometric drawing of the Winscombe St terrace
Brown met with each family separately to establish what they wanted for their home. In the end, the internal designs Brown produced for each house were identical, the families requirements overlapping significantly. The homes form a terrace of five houses and a studio, three storeys in height, with the gardens facing south. They are built in a combination of concrete, brick, timber and glass brick, with dark-stained timber windows.The houses are entered at first floor level via a concrete spiral staircase. The layout of the five houses has the main bedroom and living space on the top floor, the kitchen and dining area on the first floor and the ground floor for children's bedrooms and garden access. The floors are connected internally by a wooden staircase, which with the metal front stairs and rear steel stairs, forms a trio of spiral staircases.
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The internal timber staircase connecting all floors in each terraced house. Image from RIBApix.
The plot for the terrace was purchased in 1964 thanks to a 100% loan from Camden council, but construction was delayed as Brown took up a part time teaching post at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Building finally began in 1965, with the families moving in the following year. The interiors were finished simply, with plywood floors, whitewashed walls and ceramic tiles in the kitchen and bathrooms. The rooms are divided by sliding partitions, allowing flexibility in expanding and contracting space depending on necessity.

​The homes were heated electrically through a system devised by engineer Max Fordham, who would go on to work on Brown's Alexandra Road estate for Camden Borough, with the overall engineering scheme under the control of Tony Hunt. Brown intended the houses to have a mix of communal and private spaces. This idea shows itself in the journey through the house from front to back as the shared front courtyard gives way to the private space of the house and back to a communal area for the garden. The garden had originally been a fairly small area, but the group managed to acquire the land to the rear of the houses, an old tennis court, and expand the gardens into it. 
Picture
The Alexandra Road Estate at Swiss Cottage. Image from Art and Architecture.
As a result of the Winscombe Street project, Brown joined the architects department of the newly formed Camden Borough Council under Sydney Cook. There he designed two projects that would define his work, the Fleet Road (later Dunboyne Road) estate at Gospel Oak and the Alexandra Road scheme at Swiss Cottage. Both projects would use elements first trialed at Winscombe Road; the flexible interiors separated by sliding partitions, a mixture of communal and private spaces, and the use of concrete alongside softer material like timber. As the political and public perception of large estates changed through the 1970s, Brown’s projects, especially Alexandra Road were called into question with a public inquiry held into the scheme. 
Picture
The Fleet Road (later Dunboyne Road) estate at Gospel Oak. Image from RIBApix.
After this experience, Brown went into private practice, designing large projects in Zwolsestraat and Eindhoven the Netherlands and a handful of schemes in Bergamo, Italy, as well as continuing his teaching. Brown remained living at Winscombe Road until 2006, when he moved to one of his other creations Dunboyne Road, where he spent the last years of his life, passing away in 2018, a year after being awarded the RIBA Gold Medal. Winscombe Street was listed in September 2014, joining Alexandra Road (listed August 1993) and Dunboyne Road (August 2010). 

References
Historic England Listing https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1410085?section=official-list-entry 

​AA files 67: Neave Brown in Conversation with Mark Swenarton and Thomas Weaver 2013


Cook’s Camden by Mark Swenarton

Architects' London Houses - The Homes of Thirty Architects Since the 1930's by Miranda Newton
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Cherrill Scheer 1939–2024

15/5/2024

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Picture
Cherrill Scheer sitting on a Fred Scott Supporto chair. Image from Furniture Makers.
I have just found out that Cherrill Scheer, part of the Hille furniture manufacturing family, passed away suddenly at the beginning of February. I met her a few times whilst guiding tours of Stranmore for Open House, so I would just like to share a small story about meeting her. Open House asked me to do a tour for Open House weekend in 2016, despite the fact I had never guided any tours before. I chose the Warren House estate opposite Stanmore station with its mix of inter and post war modernist houses as a fairly straightforward tour.
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Cherrill explaining the design of thier house on an Open House Tour.
I had no idea how many people would turn up, so I asked Open House to put a max of 25 in the guidebook, expecting that I wouldn’t get that many for the morning or afternoon tours. In the end around 75 people attended each tour! Rather overwhelmed at all the unexpected people, I began the first tour, introducing myself and starting my spiel, before moving along Kerry Avenue to see the houses. An elderly lady sidled up to me and asked if we would be stopping outside no.16, I said yes, and carried on pointing out the features of the streets 1930s houses. Only a minute later did the penny drop that no.16 was her house, she being Cherrill Scheer, who I had seen a photo of whilst researching the tour.
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The front of No.16 Kerry Avenue, Stanmore
I hadn’t accounted for the owner of the houses listening to my inexpert ramblings about them! When we got to no.16, I started talking about the house and then introduced everyone to Cherrill and Ian, her husband, and rather graciously they took over my job and began talking about the house, designed for them by Gerd Kaufmann in 1968. It was built on a plot of land given to the couple by Cherrill's parents, who had lived at no.14, an interwar modernist house designed by Reginald Uren, the New Zealand architect known for designing Hornsey Town Hall and Rayners Lane Tube Station. Kaufmann designed the house in brick, like its neighbour, with large windows to create differing light levels in each room, depending on their function, lower level light in the bedrooms. 
Picture
The Hille offices, Albermale Street in Westminster by Peter Moro, 1963.
They then let me and all these people trample around their garden and peer into their kitchen. I carried on the tour which went to the top of Stanmore Hill and back again to the station, with everyone very pleased to have seen inside one of the houses. They kindly repeated hospitality for the second tour, and for a couple of years after that as I guided the tour for Open House, in later years waving from the kitchen as I dragged my guidees onto their driveway. I will always remember the kindness and generosity of Cherrill and Ian on that first tour and afterwards.

Cherrill had a distinguished career as part of the Hille company, launching the Robin Day Poly Chair in 1963. Hille of course had offices and showrooms designed by Erno Goldfinger in Watford and by Peter Moro in Albemarle Street, Westminster. You can read more about Cherrill’s life and career HERE and HERE.
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A Pint Beyond Metro-Land

11/4/2024

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Back in 2015 I published a blog called A Pint in Metro-Land, exploring the art deco and modernist-influenced pubs of the northern and western suburbs of London, which has proved to be one of our most popular blogs. Whilst researching and writing Modernism Beyond Metro-Land, our new guidebook to the southern and eastern suburbs, I was struck by how many interesting pubs there are in this region, so I thought it was time for a sequel to the original blog. So, let's go for a pint beyond Metro-Land!
Modernism Beyond Metro-Land, will cover the boroughs form Waltham Forest around to Kingston-upon-Thames, so let's have a look at the public houses of the interwar years from this great swathe of London. The breweries of the 1920s and 30s wanted to overhaul the image of the pub, changing it from a dirty, dark place of drunkenness to somewhere light, spacious and family friendly. To do this they employed architects or even founded their own in-house design departments to produce pubs that the average, respectable citizen would be happy to be seen in. These new pubs were often built besides the new ring roads and bypasses being constructed at the time. Middle class families could take their newly purchased car out for a Sunday drive and have lunch at a suitable pub along the way. A nice example is the neo-Tudor style Daylight Inn in Petts Wood opened in 1935 by Charringtons Brewery, and designed by their in-house architect Sidney Clark.
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The Daylight Inn, Petts Wood (1935) Sidney Clark. Image from Dover-Kent online
The Royal at Mottingham was sited beside the A20, which had been opened in 1923. It was designed by architect Arthur W. Blomfield for Watney, Combe, Reid & Co, opening in 1936. Its gently deco design makes itself known to the passing motorist with angled brick chimneys on two of its corners. Unfortunately, period details such as the original windows and the interior have been somewhat changed. A similar story can be told of The Dutch House, a nearby 1925 pub for Beasleys, that has at least had its frontage refurbished, now known as the Dutch House Cafe.
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The Dr Johnson pub in Barkingside (1938) H. Reginald Ross
In the Barkingside area of Redbridge is the former Dr Johnson pub, now a mini supermarket. It was designed by H. Reginald Ross for Barclay Perkins in 1938. Once again designed in a hybrid between the newer style of Art Deco and more traditional Arts & Crafts forms, the building features lovely touches such as the ironwork balconies and a stone relief of Dr Johnson, by Arthur Betts.The pub also featured an “off sales” section where customers could purchase alcohol to take out of the premises. Sometimes this was situated inside the main pub, but at the Dr Johnson it was a separate building, a one-storey unit with a pitched roof, now occupied by a barbers. ​
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The Sun Public House, Romford (1937) by A.E. Sewell. Image from RIBApix
In neighbouring Havering is The Sun public house, situated on London Road in Romford. This interwar pub was designed by A.E. Sewell, one of the most prolific pub designers of this era, for the Truman’s chain in 1937. Once again mixing styles modern and traditional, The Sun features a sloping tiled roof, tall brick chimneys and art deco decoration, with sun motifs and reliefs of eagles. Unlike many pubs of its era, The Sun is still serving customers.
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The Round House pub, Upney (1936) A.W. Blomfield
The Becontree estate in Barking and Dagenham was built between 1921 and 1935, home to a population of 100,000 people. Pubs were built for the inhabitants of the estate, both for drinking and to provide community activities, such as bowls, dancing, religious meetings and serving food. The Roundhouse, opened in 1936, was designed by the aforementioned A.W. Blomfield, and featured a bowling hall extension, a children's room and a tea room. As befits the name, The Roundhouse has a circular plan at ground floor level, and a T-shaped first floor topped by a square tower (originally home to a neon clock). Other pubs built to serve the community of Becontree included The Robin Hood (1929, T.F. Ingram), a neo-tudor style “superpub” demolished in 2005, The Fanshawe Tavern (1934 F.G Newnham, demolished 2000), The Cherry Tree (1933, C.C. Winmill and F.G. Newnham) and The Church Elm (rebuilt 1931 Edward Meredith, demolished 2008). 
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The Robin Hood (1929) T.F. Ingram. Image from SAHGB
Back south across the river are a few more pubs of interest. The Norbury Hotel (1937) in Croydon was apparently given the “Hotel” moniker, as the local population thought their area was too good for a “House”, “Inn” or “Tavern”. It was designed by Joseph Hill for Barclay Perkins, and featured a separate offsales shop, dance floor and cocktail bar. Sadly time has not been kind to the Norbury, and after various disfiguring extensions and additions, it lies dormant and fenced off, probably not long for this world. 
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The Off Sales shop, Norbury Hotel (1937) Joseph Hill. Image from RIBApix
On the edge of the Berrylands estate in Surbiton is the Berrylands Hotel, another Joseph Hill design, this time from 1934 and for Hodgson’s Kingston Brewery. Happily it has weathered the years better than the Norbury, still serving customers in the 21st century. The building curves with the road, with a restrained brick facade and large rendered name sign. Inside, the pub originally had a separate ladies bar, a private bar and an off sales counter, now all combined into one space. The interior does still retain its waved cornices around the ceiling level though. 

Another Hill design, not far from the Berrylands, is the Duke of Buckingham in Kingston upon Thames (1932), again for Hodgson’s. The three-storey building sits on the junctions of Villers Road and Grove Lane, to the east of Kingston town centre. It has a lovely arched doorway, with the Hodgsons crest still displayed above. The pub is set out in a wedged-shaped plan, and the interior features a semi-circular lobby and half height wood panelling. 
The Public House, once a staple of neighbourhood life, is under increasing pressure from increased costs, the long term effects of the Covid lockdown and a generational turn away from public drinking, with many having closed or been demolished. The modernist or art deco pub was a rare creature among the Brewers Tudor and other throwback styles of the interwar years. Hopefully these examples we have described will survive in some form for many more years to come.

A number of the pubs in this blog will be included in Modernism Beyond Metro-Land, our new guidebook to the art deco, modernist and brutalist buildings of London’s eastern and southern suburbs. Follow THIS link to sign up and get your copy.
References
The Urban and Suburban Public House in Inter-War England 1918-39: Historic England Report
Buildings of England London East
CAMRA Pub Heritage site

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